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Turbochargers Work You know a turbocharger can make a small engine feel like a big one. But have you ever wondered how turbos actually work? “It's all about better combustion," says Garrett Engine Boosting Systems (Dept. ETD, 3201 W. Lomita Blvd., Torrance, CA 90505, 310-517-1065, www.egarrett.com). "Before you can truly appreciate what a turbocharger does for an engine, you need to understand the basics of internal combustion. "Internal combustion engines are 'breathing' engines. That is to say, they draw in air and fuel for energy. This energy is realized as power when the air/fuel mixture is ignited. Afterward, the waste created by the combustion is expelled. All of this is typically accomplished in four strokes of the pistons. "What a turbocharger does is to make the air/fuel mixture more combustible by fitting more air into the engine's chambers--which, in turn, creates more power and torque when the piston is forced downward by the resulting explosion," notes Garrett. "It accomplishes this task by condensing, or compressing, the air molecules so that the air the engine draws in is denser. Now, how it does that is the real story here. "A turbocharger is basically an air pump. Hot exhaust gases leaving the engine after combustion are routed directly to the turbine wheel side of the turbocharger to make it rotate. That turbine wheel is connected by a shaft to a compressor wheel. As the turbine wheel spins faster and faster, it causes the compressor wheel to also spin quickly. The rotation of the compressor wheel pulls in ambient air and compresses it before pumping it into the engine's chambers. "As you may have guessed, the compressed air leaving the compressor wheel housing is very hot--as a result of both compression and friction," adds Garrett. "So what's needed is a way to cool that air down before it enters the chambers. That's where a charge-air cooler (or 'heat exchanger') comes in. It reduces the temperature of the compressed air so that it is denser when it enters the chamber (heat causes things to expand, as we all learned in science class). The charge-air cooler [or intercooler] also helps to keep the temperature down in the combustion chamber. All together, the engine, turbocharger and charge-air cooler form what is known as a 'charge-air system.' " |
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